Test - Himexam Template: epidemiology

<div class="content_1">1.All of the following are true of odds ratio except: (A)It is an estimate of relative risk (B)It is the only measure of risk that can be obtained directly form a case-control study (C)It tends to be biased towards 1 (neither risk or protection at high rates of disease (D)It is the ratio of incidence in exposed divided by incidence in nonexposed (E)It can be calculated without data on rates (as in a case-control study <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 2.In a well designed clinical trial of treatment of ovarian cancer, remission rate at one year is similar for a new drug and usual care, The P-value is 0.4. This means that (A)Both treatments are effective (B)Neither treatment is effective (C)The statistical power of this study is 60% (D)The best estimate of treatment effect is 0,4 (E)It is not possible to decide on whether one treatment is better than the other using this information alone <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : E ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 3.A study was made of a clinician's ability to diagnose streptococcal throat infections in 149 patients coming to the emergency department in a certain hospital. The doctor's clinical impressions were compared to results of throat cultures or group A streptococcus. 37 patients had positive throat cultures and 27 of these were diagnosed by doctor as having strep throat. 112 patients had negative cultures, and the doctors diagnosed 35 of these as having strep throat. The specificity of the doctors' clinical judgment was: (A)27/37 (B)77/112 (C)27/62 (D)10/87 (E)104/149 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 4.From the study in Question 3, the predictive value of the doctors' clinical judgment for streptococcal sore throat was: (A)27/37 (B)77/112 (C)27/62 (D)10/87 (E)104/149 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 5.The mode of transport of an infectous agent through the environment to a susceptible host is called a: (A)carrier (B)reservoir (C)vector (D)vehicle <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 6.A longitudinal or prospective study is also referred to as a(n (A)ecological study (B)cross-sectional study (C)cohort study (D)observational study <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 7.The following drug trial is synonymous with the term "clinical trial"? (A)Clinical pharmacology and toxicity (B)Full scale Evaluation of Treatment (C)Initial Clinical Investigation for Treatment Effect (D)Post marketing Survelillance <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 8.When designing a study to determine whether there is a direct association between a particular exposure and an outcome, one should anticipate that potential alternative explanation(s may exist. Which of the following is a way to deal with confounding? (A)Post-hoc blocking (B)Randomization (C)Screening (D)Validation <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 9.Cedar Rivers is a community of 100,000 persons in central Iow(A) During the year of the floods (2008 there were 1,000 deaths from all causes. A study of all cases of tuberculosis found the number of deaths at 300 (200 males and 100 females. During 2007, there were only 60 deaths from tuberculosis, 50 of them males. The crude mortality rate for Cedar Rivers in 2008 was: (A)300 per 100,000 (B)60 per 1,000 (C)10 per 1,000 (D)100 per 11000 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 10.What index does the research center use for patients using a tartar control toothpaste for 6 lower anterior teeth? (A)Navy Plaque Index (B)Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index (C)OHI-S (D)Turesky Modification of the Quigley Hein <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 11.In the DMF caries index for teeth and tooth surfaces, are 3rd molars included if they are decayed, missing, or filled? (A)Yes (B)No 12.An epidemic is a disease occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting a high proportion of the population. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 13.What kind of decay is the DMFT & S signifying? (A)Irreversible decay (B)Reversible decay <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 14.If you were doing a plaque index with debri for a group of preschool children, which one would you use? (A)def (B)Pl I (C)OHI-S (D)PHP <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 15.What is the most accurate description of an agreement of findings by two or more examiners? (A)Intraexaminer (B)Intrarater (C)Interexaminer (D)Interpreter <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 16.An endemic is an occurrence of disease clealy in excess of normal expectancy. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 17.The "e" in the def index stands for indicated for extraction. If a patient has teeth indicated for extraction for orthodontics, are they included in this index? (A)Yes (B)No <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 18.Which index would you use for a group of elderly patients in a nursing home? (A)Plaque Index (B)Patient Hygiene Performance (C)Gingival Index (D)Root Caries Index <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 19.In measuring the reliability of a measurement, an intraexaminer or intrarater reliability is consistency of findings by one examiner with those previously recorded by the same examiner. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 20.Which index uses the WHO probe to calculate scores? (A)Turesky (B)Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index (C)Sulcus Bleeding Index (D)Periodontal Screening and Recording Index <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> </div><div class="content_2" style="display: none;">21.Which index is measured with bleeding on probing? (A)Gingival Index (B)Sulcus Bleeding Index (C)Gingival Bleeding Index (D)Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 22.Which index uses a stimudent to measure papillary bleeding? (A)Sulcus Bleeding Index (B)Gingival Bleeding Index (C)Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index (D)Russel's Periodontal Index <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 23.Oral epidemiology is the study of disease and health in populations. (A)True (Correct Answer (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 24.Which one does not indicate an asterisk on WHO probing on the Periodontal Screening & Recording Index? (A)indicated for extraction (B)mobility (C)marked recession (D)mucogingival involvement <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 25.The gingival indexes are reversible, just like the disease itself. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 26.What is the agent when studying oral epidemiology? (A)Host (B)Environment (C)Disease (D)Population <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 27.The Greek word "edemos" means what? (A)Native (B)Epidemiology (C)People (D)All <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 28.Morbidity is the rate of disease or proportion of diseased persons in a geographic are(A) (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 29.Mortality is the proportion of people who live from a disease to the population of a geographic area for a period of tim(E) (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 30.A count is a percentage method to measure oral diseas(E) (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 31.Diagnosis of caries includes what criteria of measurement? (A)Lost of at least 5 mm of tooth structure at enamel surface (B)0.5mm (C).005mm (D).05mm <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 32.Morbidity is also known as the death rate in a population. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 33.The "S" in DMFS stands for what? (A)Sealants (B)Surfaces (C)Sulcus Depth (D)Standard <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 34.The "M" in DMFT stands for missing for what reason? (A)Congenitally missing teeth (B)Indicated for Extraction due to Caries (C)Indicated for Extraction for Ortho (D)Deciduous teeth exfoliated <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 35.Deciduous teeth indexes (def can also be used to detect teeth and also surfaces with decay on deciduous teeth. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 36.A DMFT & S index can calculate the indication of the # of teeth at risk for decay. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 37.What is the MOST COMMONLY used index to score plaque? (A)OHI-S Oral Hygiene Simplified (B)PI I Plaque Index (C)Turesky Modification of the Quigley Hein (D)Plaque Control Record <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 38.O'Leary's Plaque Index is good for calculating plaque accumulation for a group of peopl(E) (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 39.The OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index Simplified measures supra and subgingival calculus. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 40.How many surfaces are used in measuring the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP index)? (A)4 (B)5 (C)6 (D)7 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> </div><div class="content_3" style="display: none;">41.The PHP and OHI-S both use the 6 Ramjford teeth to calculate scores. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 42.Which index do you use disclosing solution on the patient, but do not rinse? (A)PHP (B)OHI-S (C)O'Leary's (D)Plaque Control Record <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 43.The gingival index is measured by inflammation and bleeding on probing. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 44.The PHP measures plaque and debri on tooth surfaces. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 45.The GI Gingival Index is also called what? (A)Loe and Silness (B)Volpe Manhold (C)O'Leary's (D)Eastman's <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 46.The OHI-S Simplified Oral Hygiene Index measures what? (A)Plaque and Debri on tooth surface (B)Thickness of Plaque on tooth surface (C)Presence of Plaque on tooth surface (D)Existing Plaque and Calculus on tooth surface <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 47.The Periodontal Index (Russel's is no longer used because gingivitis and periodontitis are separate diseases. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 48.What are the Ramjford Teeth? (A)3, 8, 14, 19, 24, 30 (B)2, 3, 14, 19, 24, 30 (C)3, 9, 12, 19, 25, 28 (D)3, 8, 12, 15, 30, 31 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 49.The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment needs measures teeth in sextants. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 50.The CPITN is the most common index used for periodontal screenings. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 51.Bleeding indexes indicate a 0 for no bleeding and a 1 for bleeding. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 52.What is the most common index for plaque in clinical research trials? (A)Volpe Manhold (B)PI I (C)O'Leary's (D)Turesky Modification of the Quigley Hein <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 53.In dental fluorosis the enamel is strong, but discolore(D) (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 54.Less than 50% of surfaces covered would be what category of Dean's Fluorosis? (A)Questionable (B)Very Mild (C)Mild (D)Moderate <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 55.Characteristics of dental fluorosis includes all of the following EXCEPT: (A)opacities concentrated in center of tooth (B)bilateral occurrences (C)severity on posterior teeth (D)usually near cusp tips <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 56.The range for Dean's Fluorosis Index is what? (A)0-5 (B)0-3 (C)0-4 (D)0-7 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 57.A score of 3 on Dean's Fluorosis Index would indicate what? (A)Very Mild (B)Mild (C)Moderate (D)Severe <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 58.Which index out of all discussed in the most sensitive indicating it has the longest range of scoring? (A)Dean's Fluorosis (B)Thylstrup-Fejerskov (C)TSIF (D)OHI-S <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 59.Fluorosis can typically occur on a single tooth. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 60.Brown stain starts coming into play on what level of Dean's Fluorosis? (A)Very Mild (B)Mild (C)Moderate (D)Severe <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> </div><div class="content_4" style="display: none;">61.Pitting occurs on what level of fluorosis? (A)Very Mild (B)Mild (C)Moderate (D)Severe <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 62.Teeth are dried to detect fluorosis in Thylstrup-Fejerskov and TSIF. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 63.In the Navy Plaque Index, a Pocket Score of 8 means what? (A)depths of 1-3mm (B)depths of 3-5mm (C)depths of 8mm+ (D)depths of 5mm+ <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 64.At what level of TSIF (Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis does pitting start to occur? (A)4 (B)5 (C)6 (D)7 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 65.At what level does staining occur on the TSIF? (A)2 (B)3 (C)4 (D)5 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 66.Oral Cancer cases are more commonly found in African Americans. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 67.A gingival score of 2 on the Navy Plaque Index indicates what? (A)Gingival Tissue normal and tight (B)Inflammation completely surrounding tooth (C)Slight enlargement or blunting of papilla (D)Inflammatory changes are present, but not do completely encircle tooth. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 68.The Pl I measures what? (A)Thickness of plaque (B)Presence of plaque (C)Existing plaque and calculus (D)Plaque and debri on tooth surface <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 69.The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index uses disclosing solution and measures plaque only. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 70.An excellent score on the Plaque Index would be what? (A)0.5 (B)10% (C)100% (D)3 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 71.Patient Hygiene Performance uses the Ramjford teeth. (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 72.A score of 2 on the Patient Hygiene Performance Index would indicate what kind of score? (A)Excellent (B)Good (C)Fair (D)Poor <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 73.A Code 4 on the Loss of Attachment Index indicates what? (A)5.5mm+ LOA (B)4mm+ LOA (C)9-11mm LOA (D)12mm+ LOA <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 74.What is the only index that measures attachment loss? (A)Periodontal Index (B)Periodontal Disease Index (C)CPI (D)LPA <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 75.A score of 3 on the Turesky Modification indicates what? (A)Cervical plaque only (B)Less than 2/3 of the tooth covered (C)2/3+ (D)A band of plaque 76.The Index of Periodontal Screening and Recording is best described at measuring what? (A)Attachment Loss (B)State of Perio Health (C)Perio Treatment Needs (D)Pockets, Calculus, and Bleeding <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 77.A Code 4 on the CPITN indicates what? (A)Oral Hygiene Instruction (B)Supra/Subgingival Calculus w/ defective restorations (C)4-5mm pockets (D)6mm+ pockets <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 78.How many teeth per sextant are calculated on the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN? (A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4 <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 79.The Turesky Modification of the Quigley Hein has a range of scores of what? (A)0-5 (B)0-7 (C)0-8 (D)0%-100% <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 80.A Code 4 on the Periodontal Screening and Recording Index indicates what? (A)Supragingival calculus and defective margins (B)Black on probe partly visible (C)Black on probe completely disappears (D)Black visible on probe and bleeding occurs <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> </div><div class="content_5" style="display: none;">81.A score of 1 on the Gingival Index would indicate what kind of results? (A)Excellent (B)Good (C)Fair (D)Poor <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 82.Describe the disadvantages of the case control study (A)A cohort is different because an entire cohort of exposed individuals is examine(D) A case study makes use of limited number of cases and controls who usually do not represent an entire cohort of exposed individuals. (B)the measurement of exposure may be inaccurat(E) Representativeness of cases and controls may be unknown and may provide indirect estimates of risk. The temporal relationship between exposure factor and outcome cannot always be determine(D) (C)For an observational designed study, the observer does not have control over the exposure factor. Mostly, cannot assign subjects by random to certain study conditions. For an experimentally designed study the observer can control who is exposed to certain factors and is able to assign subjects by random to certain study groups. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 83.Describe the uses of analytic studies (A)They help lead to the prevention of disease, create quantitative evaluations of intervention programs as well as determine safe and effective new drugs, and other procedures. (B)This is something that describes the negative because you cannot always take the findings from group data and apply it to individuals. (C)the units of analysis are groups. This can be referred to as an Ecological Comparison Study. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 84.Identify an example of a case control study (A)are used very commonly in environmental epidemiologic research. An example may be possible health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. (B)Allowance of the direct observation of risk. The exposure factor is well defined and can study exposures that are uncommon in the population. The temporal relationship between factor and outcome is known. (C)the units of analysis are groups. This can be referred to as an Ecological Comparison Study. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 85.Describe the advantages of the case control study (A)The ecologic fallacy and imprecise measurement of exposur(E) (B)it can be used to study conditions of low prevalenc(E) The procedure is mostly quick and easy to complete, and is inexpensiv(E) Lastly, the number subjects needed are smaller. (C)Refers to the difference between the incidence rate of a disease in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the non-exposed group. Attributable risk is the difference between two incidence rates. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 86.Explain the ecologic fallacy (A)This is something that describes the negative because you cannot always take the findings from group data and apply it to individuals. (B)Conduct the program several times in a variety of settings with a variety of participants. (C)This refers to the adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical dat(A) One of the most reliable forms of evidence will come from randomized controlled trials. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 87.Contrast the 2 categories of analytic studies (A)For an observational designed study, the observer does not have control over the exposure factor. Mostly, cannot assign subjects by random to certain study conditions. For an experimentally designed study the observer can control who is exposed to certain factors and is able to assign subjects by random to certain study groups. (B)This test can be used to test between two medical tests themselves. Such as HIV blood test vs the HIV swab test. Which one is most efficient and yields the best results. (C)This is the association between two variables, the exposure and the outcome, and are measured at the group level. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 88.Describe the ecologic correlation (A)It is the best because if the sensitivity test correctly identifies all potential cases as either negative or positiv(E) (B)A clinical trial refers to a research activity that involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. (C)This is the association between two variables, the exposure and the outcome, and are measured at the group level. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 89.Explain the ecologic study (A)They help lead to the prevention of disease, create quantitative evaluations of intervention programs as well as determine safe and effective new drugs, and other procedures. (B)the units of analysis are groups. This can be referred to as an Ecological Comparison Study. (C)This is beneficial because an association can be found between exposure rates and disease rates during the same time perio(D) <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 90.Describe the drawbacks of the ecologic study (A)are used very commonly in environmental epidemiologic research. An example may be possible health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. (B)Mass screening is defined as the standards of care, anyone that could at risks should be screened for exposur(E) (C)The ecologic fallacy and imprecise measurement of exposur(E) <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 91.Describe the benefits of the ecologic study (A)the measurement of exposure may be inaccurat(E) Representativeness of cases and controls may be unknown and may provide indirect estimates of risk. The temporal relationship between exposure factor and outcome cannot always be determine(D) (B)This is beneficial because an association can be found between exposure rates and disease rates during the same time perio(D) (C)The predictive value is the proportion of people screened positive by a test and actually have the disease, this is the + valu(E) <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 92.Explain the population risk difference (A)This is the difference between the rate of disease in the nonexposed segment of the population and the overall rate in the population. (B)is designed to test preventive measures (C)These are a form of intervention studies, two types are randomized controlled trials and quasiexperiments <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 93.Explain experimental studies (A)This is the difference between the rate of disease in the nonexposed segment of the population and the overall rate in the population. (B)These are a form of intervention studies, two types are randomized controlled trials and quasiexperiments (C)is designed to test preventive measures <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 94.Define Prophylactic trials (A)evaluates new treatment methods (B)involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. (C)is designed to test preventive measures <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 95.Define Therapeutic trials (A)is designed to test preventive measures (B)evaluates new treatment methods (C)involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 96.Define Clinical trials (A)involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. (Correct Answer (B)is designed to test preventive measures (C)evaluates new treatment methods <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 97.What are randomized control trials (A)evaluates new treatment methods (B)are an experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups. (C)involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its efficacy and safety. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 98.What are quasi-experimental designs (A)When sensitivity tests correctly identify all potential cases as either negative or positive (B)Describes when a definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy or other method and has been accepted as the standar(D) (C)Where the investigator manipulates the study factor but does not assign individual subjects randomly to the exposed and non-exposed groups. <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 99.What is the gold standard for research designs (A)Describes when a definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy or other method and has been accepted as the standar(D) (B)Where the investigator manipulates the study factor but does not assign individual subjects randomly to the exposed and non-exposed groups. (C)When sensitivity tests correctly identify all potential cases as either negative or positive <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 100.Why is the gold standard considered the best (A)It helps to generalize the study to the population (B)The standard will help to conclude that the results were true (C)When sensitivity tests correctly identify all potential cases as either negative or positive <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> </div><div class="content_6" style="display: none;">110.What is external validity (A)This is the generalizing of the study to the population (B)Was the conclusion true? It is the extent to which you can believe your results (C)It is the third variable that relates to the exposure and the outcome <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 111.What is internal validity (A)Was the conclusion true? It is the extent to which you can believe your results (B)This is the generalizing of the study to the population (C)It is the third variable that relates to the exposure and the outcome <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 112.Environmental epidemiology is the study of disease and the conditions linked to indoor factors (A)True (B)False (Correct Answer <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 113.As they relate to environmental characteristics, what is the physical (A)plants and animals that can act as reservoirs (B)the environment that houses the agent (C)overcrowding usually due to economic issues 114.Physical Dating Epidemiology is (A)the measurement of media use and video games (B)performed by monitoring levels of excreted drugs to get a measure of drug use (C)how often and under what circumstances are people being abused (D)investigate public health problems caused by intentional acts <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 115.Describe sensitivity (A)the ability of a test to correctly identify all individuals who have been screened and actually have the disease (B)This is the ability of a test to identify only those non diseased individuals who actually do not have the disease (C)the proportion of people screened positive by a test and actually have the disease, this is the + value <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 116.The human genome project was performed by the NIH, and discovered all the genes of DNA (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 117.In 2002 what percentage of high schoolers were found to be smokers (A)28% (B)22% (C)18% <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 118.As it relates to environmental characteristics, what is climatology (A)an environment where disease spreads the quickest (B)overcrowding usually due to economic issues (C)plants and animals that can act as reservoirs <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 119.Contributing factor to an illness is defined as (A)the occurrence of mental disorders (B)A co-morbidity in the form of a psychiatric disease (C)the contributing factors of sexual disease <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 120.An indirect mean of transmission may be anything other than (A)Person to Animal (B)Person to Person (C)Object to Person <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 121.Define active immunity (A)Immunity gained from a person to person transaction (B)The development of immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine or natural infection (C)Resistance of the entire community because of the people immunity within the community <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 122.Herd immunity is... (A)Immunity gained from a person to person transaction (B)Acquired immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine or natural infection (C)Resistance of the entire community because of the people immunity within the community <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 123.Screen based epidemiology is (A)how often and under what circumstances are people being abused (B)the measurement of media use and video games (C)investigate public health problems caused by intentional acts (D)performed by monitoring levels of excreted drugs to get a measure of drug use <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 124.The attack rate is calculated by# Ill/(Ill + Well multiplied by 100 (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 125.The equation for Sensitivity is this: A/(A+C (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 126.Epidemiologists have found that accidents can be avoided and are predictable (A)True (B)False <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 127.The equation for Specificity is (A)C/(B+D (B)D/(B+C (C)A/(B+D <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : A ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 128.Define passive immunity (A)Acquired immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine or natural infection (B)Resistance of the entire community because of the people immunity within the community (C)Immunity gained from a person to person transaction <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : C ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 129.The fifth most frequent cause of mortality and leading causes of injury related deaths are (A)Smoking (B)Motor vehicle related, fire arm, or poisoning (C)Flying <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : B ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> 130.The traditional black box epidemiology is defined as (A)the measurement of media use and video games (B)how much a plane can go for without crashing (C)an uncovered association between risk and disease without knowing why <input color="black" onclick="value=("Answer : D ")" type="button" value="Show Answer" /> </div><script language="JavaScript1.2" type="text/javascript"> //The functions disableselect() and reEnable() are used to return the status of events. function disableselect(e) { return false } function reEnable() { return true } //if IE4 // disable text selection document.onselectstart=new Function ("return false") //if NS6 if (window.sidebar) { //document.onmousedown=disableselect // the above line creates issues in mozilla so keep it commented. document.onclick=reEnable } function clickIE() { if (document.all) { (message); return false; } } </script>Go to next Page: <div class="post-pagination"><a class="button_1" href="#">Part 1</a><a class="button_2" href="#">Part 2</a><a class="button_3" href="#">Part 3</a><a class="button_4" href="#">Part 4</a><a class="button_5" href="#">Part 5</a><a class="button_6" href="#">Part 6</a><a class="button_7" href="#">Part 7</a><a class="button_8" href="#">Part 8</a><a class="button_9" href="#">Part 9</a><a class="button_10" href="#">Part 10</a></div>

1.All of the following are true of odds ratio except: (A) It is an estimate of relative risk (B) It is the only measure of risk that can be ...